Vagus Nerve Professionals

Full Disclaimer.

The content provided on this website, 'What Happens in Vagus', is intended for informational purposes only. It is not authored or reviewed by a medical professional. The information presented here should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The information provided on this webpage is intended for general informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. The content on this webpage, including text, graphics, images and other material, is designed to provide helpful information on health and wellness topics. However, it is important to understand that this information is not exhaustive and may not be complete or up-to-date. While we strive to provide accurate and reliable information, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, regarding the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability of the information contained on this webpage. Reliance on any information provided on this webpage is solely at your own risk. We strongly advise against self-diagnosis or self-treatment based on the information presented on this webpage. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for any medical concerns or questions you may have. Do not disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this webpage. In no event shall we be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential, special, or exemplary damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this webpage or the information provided herein. This includes, but is not limited to, damages for loss of profits, data, or other intangible losses. We reserve the right to modify, update, or remove any information on this webpage without prior notice. Additionally, we do not endorse or recommend any specific tests, physicians, products, procedures, opinions, or other information that may be mentioned on this webpage. By accessing and using this webpage, you acknowledge and agree to the terms of this medical disclaimer. If you do not agree with these terms, please refrain from using this webpage. If you have any concerns about your health or require medical assistance, please contact a qualified healthcare professional immediately.

Updated 2023.

References

1. Segal, D. (2022) 'Vagus Nerve: What to Know', WebMD, [Online] Available at: [https://www.webmd.com/brain/vagus-nerve-what-to-know#:~:text=Signs%20Something%20Could%20Be%20Wrong%20With%20Your%20Vagus%20Nerve,-Because%20the%20vagus&text=Acid%20reflux,Lack%20of%20a%20gag%20reflex] (Accessed: 2023).
2. Imtiaz, K. (2023) 'Vagus Nerve', Physiopedia. [Online] Available at: [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Vagus_Nerve] (Accessed: 2023).
3. Hauser Neck Center. (2023) 'Strenuous Dynamic Vagus Nerve Testing at Caring Medical Florida', Caring Medical. [Online] Available at: [https://www.caringmedical.com/hauser-neck-center/strenuous-dynamic-vagus-nerve-testing-caring-medical-florida/] (Accessed: 2023).
4. Schulman, Ph.D, J. (2023) 'What is the Vagus Nerve?', Healthline. [Online] Available at: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/vagus-nerve (Accessed: 2023).
5. Leanage, N. (2023) 'The Vagus Nerve (CN X)', TeachMe Anatomy. [Online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/vagus-nerve-cn-x/ (Accessed: 2023).
6. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). (2023) 'Vagus nerve stimulation', Mayo Clinic. [Online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vagus-nerve-stimulation/about/pac-20384565 (Accessed: 2023).
7. Anatomy.app. (2023). 'Vagus nerve (CN X)', Anatomy.app. [Online] Available at: http://https://anatomy.app/encyclopedia/vagus-nerve-cn-x (Accessed: 2023).
8. Gibbons, J.R., & Sadiq, N.M. (2023). Neuroanatomy, Neural Taste Pathway. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2023 May 1]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545236/#:~:text=The%20three%20nerves%20associated%20with,which%20provides%20fibers%20to%20the (Accessed: 2023).
9. Jiang, Y., Po, S.S., Amil, F., & Dasari, T.W. (2020). ‘Non-invasive Low-level Tragus Stimulation in Cardiovascular Diseases’, National Library of Medicine. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev, 9(1), 40-46. doi: 10.15420/aer.2020.01. PMID: 32637119; PMCID: PMC7330730. Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7330730/#:~:text=The%20auricular%20branch%20of%20the%20vagus%20nerve%20innervates%20the%20ear,parotid%20gland%20and%20mastoid%20process (Accessed: 2023).
10. Ross Hauser, M.D. (2023). ‘How You Can Repair Your Vagus Nerve’, Caring Medical. [online] Available at: https://www.caringmedical.com/can-repair-vagus-nerves/ [Accessed: 2023].
11. Baquiran, M., & Bordoni, B. (2023). Anatomy, Head and Neck: Anterior Vagus Nerve. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547696/ (Accessed: 2023).
12. Sivarao, D.V., & Goyal, R.K. (2000). ’Functional anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter’, National Library of Medicine. Am J Med, 108(Suppl 4a), 27S-37S. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00337-x. PMID: 10718448. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10718448/ (Accessed: 2023).
13. Rosen, R.D., & Winters, R. (2023). ‘Physiology, Lower Esophageal Sphincter’, In: StatPearls [Online]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2023 Mar 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557452/ (Accessed: 2023).
14. Soriano, R.M., Winters, R., & Gupta, V. (2023). ‘Anatomy, Head and Neck: Larynx Nerves’, National Library of Medicine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2022 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557742/ (Accessed: 2023).
15. Li, C., Chen, W., Lin, F., et al. (2023). ‘Functional Two-Way Crosstalk Between Brain and Lung: The Brain–Lung Axis’, Springer Nature. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 43, 991–1003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-022-01238-z. Accessed at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10571-022-01238-z#citeas (Accessed: 2023)
16. Charles, D. (2022). ‘What Is Bile? A digestive fluid produced by the liver that breaks down fats’, Verywell Health. [online] Available at: https://www.verywellhealth.com/definition-of-bile-1759867 (Accessed: 2023).
17. Röder, P.V., Wu, B., Liu, Y., & Han, W. (2016). ‘Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis’, Exp Mol Med, 48(3), e219. doi: 10.1038/emm.2016.6. PMID: 26964835; PMCID: PMC4892884. [Online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892884/ (Accessed: 2023).
18. Sivakumar, S., & Prabhu, A. (2023). ‘Physiology, Gag Reflex’, In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2023 Mar 12]. [Online] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554502/ (Accessed: 2023).
19. Kiba, T. (2004). ‘Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration and apoptosis: recent developments’, National Library of Medicine. Pancreas, 29(2), e51-e58. doi: 10.1097/00006676-200408000-00019. PMID: 15257115. [Online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15257115/#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20the%20parasympathetic%20nervous,activity%20to%20the%20pancreas%20inhibits (Accessed: 2023).
20. Li, Q., & Peng, J. (2014). ‘Sensory nerves and pancreatitis’, National Library of Medicine. Gland Surg, 3(4), 284-292. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2013.10.08. PMID: 25493260; PMCID: PMC4244502. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244502/#:~:text=Pancreatic%20exocrine%20secretion%20is%20regulated,pancreas%20(21%2D24) (Accessed: 2023).
21. Mawe, G.M., & Pozo, M.J. (2012). Neuromuscular Function in the Biliary Tract. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (Fifth Edition), Gallbladder Emptying, Elsevier B.V. [Online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/gallbladder-emptying#:~:text=Following%20a%20meal%2C%20CCK%20stimulates,increase%20vagal%20efferent%20driving%20force.
22. Pham, G.S., Wang, L.A., & Mathis, K.W. (2018). ‘Pharmacological potentiation of the efferent vagus nerve attenuates blood pressure and renal injury in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus’, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. [Online] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00362.2017. (Accessed: 2023)
23. Bonaz, B., Bazin, T., & Pellissier, S. (2018). ‘The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis’, Frontiers in Neuroscience. [online] Accessed at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00049/full (Accessed: 2023).
24. Yang, T., & Zubcevic, J. (2017). ‘Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure’ Frontiers in Physiology. [online] Accessed at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00845/full (Accessed: 2023).
25. Fowler, C.J., Griffiths, D., & de Groat, W.C. (2008). ‘The neural control of micturition’, Nat Rev Neurosci, 9(6), 453-466. doi: 10.1038/nrn2401. PMID: 18490916; PMCID: PMC2897743. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897743/ (Accessed: 2023).
26. Krassioukov, A., & Elliott, S. (2017). ‘Neural Control and Physiology of Sexual Function: Effect of Spinal Cord Injury’, National Library of Medicine, Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil, 23(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1310/sci2301-1. PMID: 29339872; PMCID: PMC5340504. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340504/ (Accessed: 2023).
27. Brierley, S.M., Hibberd, T.J., & Spencer, N.J. (2018). ‘Spinal Afferent Innervation of the Colon and Rectum’, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. [online] Accessed at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2018.00467/full#:~:text=(A)%20The%20colon%20and%20rectum,broad%20classes%20of%20afferents%20exist. (Accessed: 2023)
28. Maruyama, S., Okabe, S., Endo, M., Sato, K., & Iwai, T. (2003). ‘The role of the rectal branches of the pelvic plexus in defecation and colonic motility in a canine model’, National Library of Medicine, J Med Dent Sci, 50(4), 275-284. PMID: 15074355. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15074355/#:~:text=The%20vagal%20nerve%20controls%20the,transection%20for%20over%20six%20months. (Accessed: 2023).

29. Yang, E.J., Sekhon, S., Beck, K.M., Bhutani, T., & Koo, J. (2018). ‘Neuromodulation in Inflammatory Skin Disease’, National Library of Medicine. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb), 8(1), 1-4. doi: 10.1007/s13555-018-0227-4. Epub 2018 Feb 9. PMID: 29427206; PMCID: PMC5825332. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825332/ (Accessed: 2023).
30. Srivastav, S., Jamil, R.T., & Zeltser, R. (2023). ‘Valsalva Maneuver’, National Library of Medicine, In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [Updated 2022 Oct 25]. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537248/
31. Al-Biltagi, M., Bediwy, A.S., & Saeed, N.K. (2022). ‘Cough as a neurological sign: What a clinician should know’, National Library of Medicine, World J Crit Care Med, 11(3), 115-128. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i3.115. PMID: 36331984; PMCID: PMC9136724. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9136724/ (Accessed: 2023).
32. Ziemssen, T., & Siepmann, T. (2019). ‘The Investigation of the Cardiovascular and Sudomotor Autonomic Nervous System-A Review’, National Library of Medicine, Front Neurol, 10, 53. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00053. PMID: 30809183; PMCID: PMC6380109. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30809183/ (Accessed: 2023).
33. Zygmunt, A., & Stanczyk, J. (2010). ‘Methods of evaluation of autonomic nervous system function’, . Arch Med Sci, 6(1), 11-18. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2010.13500. Epub 2010 Mar 9. PMID: 22371714; PMCID: PMC3278937. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371714/ (Accessed: 2023).
34. Hall, C.A., & Chilcott, R.P. (2018). ‘Eyeing up the Future of the Pupillary Light Reflex in Neurodiagnostics’, National Library of Medicine, Diagnostics (Basel), 8(1), 19. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics8010019. PMID: 29534018; PMCID: PMC5872002. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29534018/ (Accessed: 2023)
35. Gilja, O.H., Lunding, J., Hausken, T., & Gregersen, H. (2006). ‘Gastric accommodation assessed by ultrasonography’, National Library of Medicine, World J Gastroenterol, 12(18), 2825-2829. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i18.2825. PMID: 16718805; PMCID: PMC4087797. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4087797/#:~:text=Ultrasonogram%20showing%20an%20oblique%20frontal,hence%20indirectly%20degree%20of%20accommodation (Accessed: 2023).
36. Pafili, K., Trypsianis, G., Papazoglou, D., Maltezos, E., & Papanas, N. (2015). ‘Simplified Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Using Ewing's Battery’, National Library of Medicine, Rev Diabet Stud, 12(1-2), 213-219. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.213. Epub 2015 Aug 10. PMID: 26676669; PMCID: PMC5397991. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26676669/ (Accessed: 2023)
37. La Rovere, M.T., Pinna, G.D., & Raczak, G. (2008). ‘Baroreflex sensitivity: measurement and clinical implications’ National Library of Medicine, Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol, 13(2), 191-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2008.00219.x. PMID: 18426445; PMCID: PMC6931942. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18426445/ (Accessed: 2023).
38. Wolpert, N., Rebollo, I., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2020). ‘Electrogastrography for psychophysiological research: Practical considerations, analysis pipeline, and normative data in a large sample’, National Library of Medicine, Psychophysiology, 57(9), e13599. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13599. Epub 2020 May 25. PMID: 32449806; PMCID: PMC7507207. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32449806/ (Accessed: 2023)
39. Remes-Troche, J.M., & Rao, S.S. (2008). ‘Neurophysiological testing in anorectal disorders’ National Library of Medicine, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2(3), 323-335. doi: 10.1586/17474124.2.3.323. PMID: 19072383; PMCID: PMC3764614. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19072383/ (Accessed: 2023).
40. Han, Y., Wang, B., Gao, H., He, C., Hua, R., Liang, C., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Xin, S., & Xu, J. (2022). ‘Vagus Nerve and Underlying Impact on the Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Behavior and Neurodegenerative Diseases’, National Library of Medicine, J Inflamm Res, 15, 6213-6230. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S384949. PMID: 36386584; PMCID: PMC9656367. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9656367/ (Accessed: 2023).
41. Yadlapati, R. (2017). ‘High-resolution esophageal manometry: interpretation in clinical practice’, National Library of Medicine, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 33(4), 301-309. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000369. PMID: 28426462; PMCID: PMC5568812. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28426462/ (Accessed: 2023).
42. Lindeboom, M.Y., Ringers, J., van Rijn, P.J., Neijenhuis, P., Stokkel, M.P., & Masclee, A.A. (2004). ‘Gastric emptying and vagus nerve function after laparoscopic partial fundoplication’, National Library of Medicine, Ann Surg, 240(5), 785-790. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000143124.30911.0f. PMID: 15492559; PMCID: PMC1356483. [online] Accessed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356483/#:~:text=Vagus%20nerve%20function%20and%20gastric,emptying%20improved%20significantly%20after%20fundoplication. (Accessed: 2023).
43. Rosas-Ballina, M., Olofsson, P.S., Ochani, M., Valdés-Ferrer, S.I., Levine, Y.A., Reardon, C., Tusche, M.W., Pavlov, V.A., Andersson, U., Chavan, S., Mak, T.W., & Tracey, K.J. (2011). ‘Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit’, National Library of Medicine, Science, 334(6052), 98-101. doi: 10.1126/science.1209985. Epub 2011 Sep 15. PMID: 21921156; PMCID: PMC4548937. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21921156/ (Accessed: 2023).
44. Plaschke K, Do TQM, Uhle F, Brenner T, Weigand MA, Kopitz J. (2018) ‘Ablation of the Right Cardiac Vagus Nerve Reduces Acetylcholine Content without Changing the Inflammatory Response during Endotoxemia’, National Library of Medicine, Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Feb 1;19(2):442. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020442. PMID: 29389905; PMCID: PMC5855664. [online] Accessed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389905/ (Accessed: 2023).
45. Peirson, E. (2018) ’Acetylcholine: How and Why to Optimize the Synthesis of this Vital Neurotransmitter’, Peirson Center for Children. [online] Accessed at: https://www.peirsoncenter.com/articles/acetylcholine-how-and-why-to-optimize-the-synthesis-of-this-vital-neurotransmitter (Accessed: 2023).
46. Fallis, J. (2023). ‘27 Effective Ways to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain’, Optimal Living Dynamics. [online] Accessed at: https://www.optimallivingdynamics.com/blog/27-effective-ways-to-increase-acetylcholine-in-the-brain (Accessed: 2023).
47. Wikipedia contributors. (2023). ‘Parasympathetic nervous system’, In Wikipedia. [online] Accessed at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system (Accessed: 2023)
48. Gottfried-Blackmore, A., Adler, E. P., Fernandez-Becker, N., Clarke, J., Habtezion, A., & Nguyen, L. (2020). Open-label pilot study: Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation improves symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with idiopathic gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 32(4), e13769. doi:10.1111/nmo.13769. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8054632/ (Accessed: 2023)
49. Kenny, B. J., & Bordoni, B. (2022). ‘Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus Nerve)’, National Library of Medicine, In StatPearls. [online] Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537171/ (Accessed: 2023)

Emrys Goldsworthy

Dr Camilla Cameron

Recuperate Health -Sam Minkin

Nick Moss